Electrical pulses in the heart are controlled by special groups of cells called nodes. The SA (sinoatrial) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump.

The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart. Its electrical signals normally cause the atria to contract at a rate of 60 to 100 times a minute.

Disturbance anywhere along this electrical pathway can cause irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia).