The bones that form the spine—your vertebrae—are cushioned by small, spongy discs. When these discs are healthy, they act as shock absorbers for the spine and keep the spine flexible. But when a disc is damaged, it may bulge or break open. This is called a herniated disc. It may also be called a slipped or ruptured disc.

A herniated disc doesn’t always cause symptoms. But when it presses on nerve roots, it can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the area of the body where the nerve travels.

A herniated disc in the lower back is a common cause of back and leg pain. Sometimes it can cause pain and numbness in the buttock and down the leg. This is called sciatica (say “sy-AT-ih-kuh”). For most people, symptoms get better over time, with or without treatment.

The goal of the procedures is to take the pressure off the nerve roots. This is usually done by removing disc material. This is called a discectomy.

There are different ways to remove disc material. They are:

• Open discectomy. This is done through a large cut, called an incision, in your back.
• Microdiscectomy. This is done through a smaller incision. It causes less damage to surrounding tissue.
• Minimally invasive procedures. These are done through one or more tiny incisions in your back. Your doctor can put special tools through the incisions, such as cutting or heating devices or lasers. These tools can cut or destroy part of the disc.

Studies haven’t shown noticeable differences in how well each of these procedures works. So you and your doctor will think about several things in deciding which treatment may be right for you. These include your particular body structure, your symptoms, which disc is herniated, what you prefer, and your doctor’s expertise and experience.¹

In some cases, a small piece of bone from the affected vertebra may be removed. This small piece is called the lamina. It’s the thin part of the vertebrae that forms a protective arch over the spinal cord. A procedure called a laminotomy removes some of the lamina. A laminectomy removes most of or all of the lamina. It also may remove thickened tissue that is narrowing the spinal canal. Either of these procedures may be done at the same time as a discectomy, or separately.

Your doctor may recommend a rehabilitation program after the procedure. This program may include physical therapy and home exercises.

Treatments other than surgery can often help you feel better, be more active, and avoid surgery. Many people are able to manage their symptoms with things like:

• Changing the way they do their activities. This means trying other ways of doing your activities that don’t cause pain or make other symptoms worse. For example, if sitting makes symptoms worse, try standing up to do your tasks. Or you can switch between sitting and standing.
• Taking medicines to manage pain. Acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin) and naproxen (such as Aleve) may help your pain. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
• Exercise. Aerobic exercise can help your symptoms. Take a short walk (10 to 20 minutes) on a level surface (try to avoid slopes, hills, or stairs) every 2 to 3 hours. Walk only distances you can manage without pain, especially leg pain.
• Physical therapy. It helps you learn stretching and strength exercises that may reduce pain and other symptoms. The goal of this treatment is to make your daily tasks and activities easier.
• Steroid injections. These are shots that might be recommended for some people if other nonsurgical treatments haven’t worked. The shots may ease leg pain by reducing inflammation in the nerve root. These shots may work for some people, but not for everyone. And when they work, they only help relieve symptoms for a short time.

If one of these things doesn’t work, you can try something else or combine some of them.

If you are getting better after at least 6 weeks of nonsurgical treatment, that’s a good sign that your body will keep healing without surgery. Often the body reabsorbs the material from the disc, which helps the pain go away. This process is called resorption.

Surgery for a lumbar (low back) herniated disc works well for many people, but not for everyone. For some people, it can get rid of all or most of their symptoms.

In a study of people who had sciatica caused by a herniated disc, the chances of having no symptoms or almost no symptoms 3 months to 2 years later was a little higher with surgery than with nonsurgical treatment. But overall most people felt better with or without surgery.²

In a study of people who had 6 to 12 weeks of severe sciatica related to a herniated disc, one group was assigned to have surgery soon (the surgery group). The other group (the nonsurgical group) was assigned to try nonsurgical treatments for 6 months, followed by surgery if their symptoms didn’t improve. When asked about their recovery 2 months after surgery or the start of nonsurgical treatment, people in the surgery group felt better (closer to complete recovery) than people in the nonsurgical group. But after 1 year, both treatment groups rated their recovery about the same.³

If you don’t choose surgery now, you can change your mind later if your symptoms haven’t gotten better or have gotten worse even with other treatments. Surgery seems to work just as well if it’s done within 6 months after your symptoms started.

Most people have no problems with back surgery for a herniated disc. But as for most surgeries, there are some risks:

• There is a slight risk of damaging nerves or the spine during surgery.
• Some people form a lot of scar tissue in the area of the surgery. That tissue can press against nerves and cause pain.
• There is some risk of infection, which may cause more damage. An infection may require antibiotics and another surgery.
• Serious side effects of anesthesia aren’t common but can include trouble breathing, heart attack, stroke, and even death.
• There is a chance that the surgery won’t relieve your symptoms. And even if you get better with surgery, there is a chance you may get new symptoms in the future.

The numbers in this section are for discectomy (standard discectomy and microdiscectomy), the most common surgery for herniated disc.

Benefits

There is no high-quality evidence showing that surgery is more helpful than nonsurgical treatment for a lumbar herniated disc.

In a study of people who had sciatica caused by a herniated disc , the chances of having no symptoms or almost no symptoms 3 months to 2 years later was a little higher with surgery than with nonsurgical treatment. But overall, most people felt better with or without surgery.²

Within 3 months:

• 66 people out of 100 who had surgery had no symptoms or almost no symptoms. This means that 34 still had some symptoms.
• 62 people out of 100 who had nonsurgical treatment had no symptoms or almost no symptoms. This means that 38 still had some symptoms.

Within 1 year:

• 76 people out of 100 who had surgery had no symptoms or almost no symptoms. This means that 24 still had some symptoms.
• 67 people out of 100 who had nonsurgical treatment had no symptoms or almost no symptoms. This means that 33 still had some symptoms.

After 2 years:

• 76 people out of 100 who had surgery had no symptoms or almost no symptoms. This means that 24 still had some symptoms.
• 69 people out of 100 who had nonsurgical treatment had no symptoms or almost no symptoms. This means that 31 still had some symptoms.

In a study of people who had 6 to 12 weeks of severe sciatica related to a herniated disc , one group was assigned to have surgery soon (the surgery group). The other group (the nonsurgical group) was assigned to try nonsurgical treatments for 6 months, followed by surgery if their symptoms didn’t improve.

When asked about their recovery 2 months after surgery or the start of nonsurgical treatment, people in the surgery group felt better (closer to complete recovery) than people in the nonsurgical group. But after 1 year, both treatment groups rated their recovery about the same.³

Using a 7-point scale, where “1” is complete recovery and “7” is worse symptoms:

• At 2 months:
  • On average, people in the surgery group rated their recovery as 2.2.
  • On average, people in the nonsurgical group rated their recovery as 3.1.
• At 1 year:
  • On average, people in the surgery group rated their recovery as 1.9.
  • On average, people in the nonsurgical group rated their recovery as 2.1.

Risks

Like most surgeries, back surgery may have some risks.

Take a group of 100 people who have back surgery . The more serious risks include:

Wound problems, including infection and hematoma (bad bruise): Less than 1 to 2 out of 100 people who had surgery had an infection or some other wound problem. This means that 98 to more than 99 did not.⁴

Nerve damage: About 1 to 3 out of 100 people who had surgery had nerve root injury or new or worsening nerve-related problems, such as weakness, numbness, or tingling. This means that 97 to 99 did not have these problems.⁴

Having symptoms that don’t get better, or having new symptoms in the future: About 4 to 10 out of 100 people who had surgery went on to have another surgery for a herniated disc. This means that 90 to 96 did not.⁴

Your doctor might recommend surgery as an option for your herniated disc if:

• Your symptoms have lasted at least 6 weeks and make it hard to do your normal activities, and other treatments haven’t helped.
• You need to get better quickly because of your job or to get back to your other activities as soon as possible.
• You have leg weakness that is getting worse.